Read de texts below and answer the questions 1 and 2.

A)   

The Earth’s climate is a complex system, and yet the basic science of climate change is clear: the average temperature of the Earth’s surface has increased about 0.8 degrees Celsius since the Industrial Revolution. Deniers of climate change science have taken advantage of its complexity to discredit the consensus conclusion that the climate is changing most likely as a consequence of human activities, with potentially very negative impacts on society. Examples of findings that are often questioned include the average surface temperature increase inferred from global measurements, and the conclusion that the recent waves of extreme weather events are most likely connected with such an increase.

Available at <http://www.pas.va/content/dam/accademia/pdf/acta22/acta22-molina.pdf>.Acessed on November 21,2019.


B)   Climate is always changing. We have had ice ages and warmer periods when alligators were found in Spitzbergen. Ice ages have occurred in a hundred thousand year cycle for the last 700 thousand years, and there have been previous periods that appear to have been warmer than the present despite CO2 levels being lower than they are now. More recently, we have had the medieval warm period and the little ice age. 

Available at <https://quadrant.org.au/opinion/doomed-planet/2009/07/resisting-climate-hysteria/>.Acessed on November 21,2019.



a) What does the author of  text A and text B  declare?


b) Which arguments the authors of text A and text B respectively defend?

Ecotourism
Imagine the scene. You're sitting in the hot sunshine beside the swimming pool of your
international luxury hotel, drinking your imported gin and tonic. In front of you is the beach,
reserved for hotel guests, with motor boats for hire. Behind you is an 18-hole golf course,
which was cleared from the native forest and is kept green by hundreds of water sprinklers.
Around the hotel are familiar international restaurant chains and the same shops that you
have at home. You've seen some local people – some of them sell local handicrafts outside
the hotel. You bought a small wooden statue and after arguing for half an hour you only paid a
quarter of what the man was asking. Really cheap!
Is this your idea of heaven or would you prefer something different?
Nowadays, many of us try to live in a way that will damage the environment as little as
possible. We recycle our newspapers and bottles, we take public transport to get to work, we
try to buy locally produced fruit and vegetables and we stopped using aerosol sprays years
ago. And we want to take these attitudes on holiday with us. This is why alternative forms of
tourism are becoming more popular all over the world.
But what is ecotourism?
There are lots of new forms of tourism: responsible tourism, alternative tourism, sustainable
tourism, nature tourism, adventure tourism, educational tourism and more. Ecotourism
probably involves a little of all of them. Everyone has a different definition, but most people
agree that ecotourism must:
1. conserve the wildlife and culture of the area
2. benefit the local people and involve the local community
3. be sustainable, that is, make a profit without destroying natural resources
4. provide an experience that tourists want to pay for.
So, for example, in a true ecotourism project, a nature reserve allows a small number of
tourists to visit its rare animals and uses the money that is generated to continue with
important conservation work. The local people have jobs in the nature reserve as guides and
wardens, but also have a voice in how the project develops. Tourists stay in local houses with
local people, not in specially built hotels. This way they experience the local culture and do
not take precious energy and water away from the local population. They travel on foot, by
boat, bicycle or elephant so that there is no pollution. And they have a special experience that
they will remember for the rest of their lives.
This type of tourism can only involve small numbers of people, so it can be expensive. But you
can apply the principles of ecotourism wherever you go for your holiday. Just remember
these basic rules:
• Be prepared. Learn about the place that you're going to visit. Find out about its culture
and history. Learn a little of the native language, at least basics like 'please', 'thank you',
and 'Good morning'. Think of your holiday as an opportunity to learn something.
• Have respect for the local culture. Wear clothes that will not offend people. Always ask
permission before you take a photograph. Remember that you are a visitor.
• Don't waste resources. If the area doesn't have much water, don't take two showers
every day.
• Remember the phrase 'Leave nothing behind except your footprints and take nothing
away except photographs.' Take as much care of the places that you visit as you take of
your own home. Don't buy souvenirs made from endangered animals or plants.
• Walk or use other non-polluting forms of transport whenever you can.
• Be flexible and keep a sense of humour when things go wrong.
• Stay in local hotels and eat in local restaurants.
• Buy local products whenever possible and pay a fair price for what you buy.
Choose your holiday carefully. Don't be afraid to ask the holiday company about what they do
that is 'eco'. Remember that 'eco' is very fashionable today and a lot of holidays that are
advertised as ecotourism are not much better than traditional tourism.
But before you get too enthusiastic, think about how you are going to get to your dream 'eco'
paradise. Flying is one of the biggest man-made sources of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Friends of the Earth says that one return flight from London to Miami puts as much carbon
dioxide into the atmosphere as the average British car driver produces in a year. So don't forget that you don't have to fly to exotic locations for your 'eco' holiday. There are probably
places of natural beauty and interest in your own country that your country that you’ve never visited.
Fonte: www.britishcouncil.org/learnenglish